Yeah, I would go elsewhere for real advice, but here's my near-ignorant advice:
Code:
mydb=QSqlDatabase::addDatabase("QSQLITE");
//mydb.setDatabaseName("C:/Users/Kas/Documents/KFinance/KFinance.db");
I've used QT and SqlLite on the raspberry pi, when I connect to a database that doesn't exist (because I mistyped the location or filename) it creates one in the exact location that I told it to look. That may be whats happening with you.
It doesn't find your database so it creates and connects to a new blank database. So, its shows connected, but when you perform a specific task (query specific table) it fails because that new blank database doesn't have any tables.
So, I would check your path to make sure its correct for android.