So .... you get the e-mail. It has a text-only attachment? Or is the text embedded in the body of the e-mail?
If it is an attachment, it shouldn't be too hard to make Outlook export the attachment as a file, after which you could just import the spreadsheet to a temp table. Then an INSERT INTO ... SELECT FROM type of query would finish the job. If this row has been embedded in the file, it becomes a bit trickier.
So I'm considering why this is an issue? The manual process is easy enough. Are you looking to automate the process completely because your users can't be trusted to do it right manually? (That would be a valid reason; I'm just trying to identify the context.)
If your problem is automating the import, the first hurdle you face is this: Your automation has to be able to identify the message in the Outlook Inbox, which usually means that you have to assure a fixed "Subject" format. OR you would have to open the inbox and list the subject lines so you could select one of them. If you are looking for suggestions, my first one is to decide the achievable. Can you assure a SUBJECT line format? Or will you have to present a list for selection?
Once you have select the message, it isn't that hard to manipulate it to save the attachment as a file. Since it is a one-liner spreadsheet, you can easily import that into a temporary table for examination, validation, and final disposition via an append query.
My best advice is to design the steps you think you want to do and treat this as a step-by-step recipe. This is also called the "divide and conquer" approach in that you break the problem down into little pieces and attack the pieces one at a time.