I would try this first:
1) create a system restore point (I always do this before installing software oir making changes)
2) open a CMD windows with elevated permissions (Click 'Run as Administrator')
3) At the Command Prompt, type: sfc/scannow
This will check for any integrity violations
If that does not fix the issue:
Do you have any other Office Apps installed? If yes, and they are later than 2007 then I would recommend using the Access runtime that is the same version as the other office apps.
This issue you have having is probably a permissions issue when Access is trying to update the user profile in the system registry.
When installing the Access runtime you need to be sure the install is "ran as administrator"?. Did you do that?